To avoid repetition, the title of a work just cited may be omitted, e.g.

A shortened citation includes only author surname, shortened title (for titles of four words or more), and page(s) cited, e.g.

is not encouraged in Chicago 17th edition.

Cite a source in full for the first time, and use a shortened citation for repeated footnotes.

For secondary sources, include both the original and the secondary sources in footnotes and bibliography.

When no date is available, the abbreviation “ n.d.” replaces the date.When no author ( unknown author) is available, cite the work by its title in both footnotes and bibliography.If a source has four or more authors, list only the first author followed by et al.Footnotes should be single line spaced, with the first line indented by half an inch (1.27 cm).Footnote number at bottom of page can be either in normal size with a period, e.g.

each repeated citation will have a new number, even when the cited pages are the same. In-text footnote numbers run in sequential order across the document, i.e.full stops, brackets and commas, except for the dash, which it precedes.). In-text note numbers should generally be placed at the end of a sentence after the punctuation (eg.Footnote number in the text leads readers to the footnote at the bottom of the same page.Chicago does not require access dates in the citations for web sources unless no date of publication can be determined.If a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is available for your source, cite the DOI instead of URL or database name.Titles of larger works (e.g., books and journals) are italicised titles of smaller works (e.g., chapters, articles) or unpublished works are enclosed in quotation marks.Titles are capitalised headline-style, e.g. Introduction to Psychology.Authors’ full names are presented in standard order (first name first).Elements are separated by commas the publication details are enclosed in parentheses.A footnote lists the author, title, and publication details, in that order.

Footnote endnote chicago